SACRAMENTO, Calif.\u00a0\u2014 A mountain of evidence shows police often fail to respond properly to people experiencing a mental health crisis. It can lead to avoidable deaths and criminalization of mental illness, especially among people of color.<\/p>\n

A poll commissioned by Public Health Advocates, a Davis-based health policy nonprofit, showed that more than two-thirds of California voters<\/a> want behavioral health professionals to be part of the emergency response in non-life-threatening situations. Among seven types of situations potentially warranting emergency response, voters think law enforcement agencies are least equipped to respond to calls about mental health crises and people who are unhoused, according to the May 24 poll.<\/p>\n

\u201cPolice response has become the oversized band-aid for something the band-aid was never designed to cover or heal,\u201d said Ryan McClinton, who manages Public Health Advocates\u2019 First Response Transformation Campaign.<\/p>\n

His group and like-minded advocates in California are stepping up a campaign to overhaul the state\u2019s 911 system so more mental health professionals and others with specialized training handle many emergencies, rather than the police.<\/p>\n

Law enforcement officials agree that 911 response merits a more nuanced approach. But powerful police unions are against proposals that might reduce their control over 911 operations, and the budget and staff that go with them. Police representatives contacted said they favored alternatives that would supplement the current system rather than supplant it, and that would keep overall responsibility for 911 with police departments.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur 911 dispatchers do an amazing job and are the perfect people to handle those in crisis,\u201d said Tim Davis, president of the Sacramento Police Officers Association, a union. \u201cIt is imperative that 911 remain under the direction of the police department, as the majority of the calls they receive are for police services.\u201d<\/p>\n

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McClinton, however, said emergency response systems are outdated and in need of transformation. In many California counties, change is already underway. Forty-one of the state\u2019s 58 counties have some form of mobile crisis services in which mental health workers go out and address crisis needs in the community, according to a survey conducted by the County Behavioral Health Directors Association of California.<\/p>\n
Michelle Cabrera, executive director of CBHDA, said that by next year all California counties will have mobile crisis services up and running.<\/p>\n
Established in 1968, 911 was designed for reporting fires<\/a>. However, it quickly became an all-purpose system for routing a much broader set of calls to police.<\/p>\n
Californians now make more than 25 million<\/a> 911 calls annually. Nationally, as many as 15% are for behavioral health emergencies, according to a 2021 study in the journal Psychiatric Services<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Andrea Rivera, a legislative health advocate, said 911 centers today are inundated with calls that aren\u2019t necessarily emergencies \u2014 an influx the system wasn\u2019t built to handle.<\/p>\n
\u201c911 has become a catchall,\u201d said Rivera, who works for the California Pan-Ethnic Health Network. \u201cWhile it might be unfair to law enforcement, which doesn\u2019t have the capacity or training, it\u2019s particularly unfair for the community members that don\u2019t feel like they have someone to turn to.\u201d<\/p>\n
Alternative approaches vary widely across the state. Santa Clara County, for example, has five mobile response teams that can respond to 911 calls, and can also be deployed by dispatchers at 988, the national Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.<\/p>\n
Some teams are made up of clinicians and other trained professionals who can provide peer support. Some respond alongside police, while others arrive wearing plainclothes in a non-police vehicle.<\/p>\n
Sandra Hernandez, a division director of Behavioral Health Services in Santa Clara County, said the program is in its infancy but has been effective so far. One surprising takeaway she noted was how much community members appreciated being able to ask for help without emergency vehicles arriving at their doorstep and alerting nosy neighbors to a moment of crisis.<\/p>\n
Hernandez recalled one letter her team received from a grateful resident: \u201cMy neighbors didn\u2019t even know. They thought I had company.\u201d<\/p>\n
Cities in Oregon, New Mexico, and Colorado have similar programs.<\/p>\n
Advocates point to cases like that of Jaime Naranjo, a Sacramento County resident who was shot and killed by police last year at his home. Naranjo\u2019s wife, Elisa Naranjo, said her husband was suicidal and had been experiencing delusions and carrying a machete when she called 911 for help.<\/p>\n
Sacramento has a Mobile Crisis Support Team, but it\u2019s not 24\/7 and Elisa called 911 outside its hours of operation. The Sacramento County Sheriff\u2019s Office said that when police arrived the deputy told Naranjo to drop the weapon, but he did not comply. That, the Sheriff\u2019s Office said, is when Naranjo advanced on the deputy, who shot and killed him.<\/p>\n
In California, proposed legislation would make alternative response a statewide requirement. State Sen. Aisha Wahab\u2019s SB 402, which is championed by Public Health Advocates, would require 911 service centers<\/a> to dispatch professionals other than armed police officers for calls related to mental health or homelessness.<\/p>\n
This approach is akin to the role 988 was meant to fill, Wahab said, but low awareness of the 988 number has been a barrier to effectiveness.<\/p>\n
Wahab introduced an alternative response program three years ago in Hayward, while on its City Council, and said its success inspired her to draft the legislation. She said the bill, whose fate won\u2019t be decided until next year, is a priority for her but acknowledged it would be complicated to enact changes statewide.<\/p>\n
Police union representatives said they supported the idea of alternative response in principle.<\/p>\n
\u201cOur members are not mental health professionals,\u201d said Alexa Pratt, the communications director for the Association of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs. \u201cWe agree that law enforcement should not be the lead addressing mental health calls but should be there to assist in these programs.\u201d<\/p>\n
Tom Saggau, a San Jose Police Officers\u2019 Association spokesperson, referenced a pilot program in San Jose of which police were initially skeptical, until they saw how sharing the burden of emergency call response eased their workload. The program has grown sixfold in eight years.<\/p>\n
Saggau, who also represents the Los Angeles Police Protective League, a union, said Los Angeles has drafted a list of 28 types of calls that could be diverted to other initial responders and don\u2019t require a police presence.<\/p>\n
Still, police departments are protective of their control over 911 and associated personnel and funding.<\/p>\n
Saggau criticized proposals to restructure 911 as outgrowths of the \u201cdefund the police\u201d movement and voiced frustration that some advocates think supporting alternative response requires a redistribution of police budgets.<\/p>\n
The push to defund the police, which gained international momentum after George Floyd\u2019s murder in 2020, refers to reallocating funding<\/a> away from police departments to other government agencies that support social services.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s not an either-or,\u201d Saggau said. \u201cYou can have a fully staffed, robust police department and you can also have a robust alternative response model.\u201d<\/p>\n
Wahab believes it\u2019s critical to ensure all cities and counties have clinicians and other unarmed emergency responders on hand.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s very simple,\u201d Wahab said. \u201cYou save lives by having the appropriate response to a crisis.\u201d<\/p>\n
This article was produced by <\/em>KFF Health News<\/em><\/a>, which publishes <\/em>California Healthline<\/em><\/a>, an editorially independent service of the <\/em>California Health Care Foundation<\/em><\/a>.<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n
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