If you or someone you know may be experiencing a mental health crisis, contact the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by dialing \u201c988,\u201d or the Crisis Text Line by texting \u201cHOME\u201d to 741741.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n

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GRINNELL, Iowa \u2014 The farmers\u2019 co-op here is a center of hope every spring. It\u2019s where farmers buy seed and fertilizer for the summer\u2019s crops, and where they seek tips to maximize their harvest of corn and soybeans.<\/p>\n
But on a recent morning, a dozen mental health professionals gathered at the Key Cooperative Agronomy Center to discuss why so many farmers quietly struggle with untreated anxiety and depression.<\/p>\n
Studies have concluded that suicide is unusually common<\/a> among farmers. Researchers believe it\u2019s not just because many farmers have other risk factors, such as rural addresses<\/a> and access to guns.<\/p>\n
The tragic trend has caught the attention of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which sponsors training sessions like the one in Grinnell to help health care professionals learn how to talk to farmers about the pressures they face in wringing a living out of the land.<\/p>\n
\u201cA lot of them are born to it. They don\u2019t have any choice,\u201d family therapist David Brown explained to the session\u2019s participants. He noted many farms have been passed down for generations. Current owners feel that if they fail, they would be letting down their grandparents, parents, children, and grandchildren.<\/p>\n
Brown, who works for Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, led the training in Grinnell. He said farmers\u2019 fate hinges on factors out of their control. Will the weather be favorable? Will world events cause prices to soar or crash? Will political conflicts spark changes in federal agricultural support programs? Will a farmer suffer an injury or illness that makes them unable to perform critical chores?<\/p>\n
Brown said surveys show many farmers are reluctant to seek mental health care, partly because they think therapists or doctors couldn\u2019t understand their lives.<\/p>\n
David Brown, a marital and family therapist who works for Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, leads a training session in Grinnell, Iowa, for mental health professionals on how to address farmers\u2019 mental stress.(Tony Leys\/KFF Health News)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Tina Recker, a mental health therapist in northeastern Iowa, attended the training session. She has lived on farms, and she has seen how the profession can become a person\u2019s entire identity. \u201cIt\u2019s just farm, farm, farm, farm,\u201d she told the group. \u201cIf something goes wrong with it, that\u2019s your whole world.\u201d<\/p>\n
It\u2019s difficult to estimate how much of farmers\u2019 increased risk of suicide is due to their profession.<\/p>\n
Part of the reason for the elevated rate could be that many farmers are middle-aged or older men, who tend to be more at risk<\/a> in general. \u201cBut it\u2019s broader than that for sure,\u201d said Edwin Lewis, a USDA administrator who helps oversee efforts to address the situation.<\/p>\n
The Grinnell training session was part of a federal program called the Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Network<\/a>. Lewis said the program, which also funds counseling hotlines and support groups, spends $10 million a year.<\/p>\n
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Jason Haglund sees the issue from multiple angles. He\u2019s a mental health advocate who farms part-time near the central Iowa town of Boone. He and his brother-in-law raise corn and soybeans on the 500-acre farm where Haglund grew up. His family has farmed in the area since the 1880s. His parents hung on despite going into bankruptcy during the 1980s farm crisis, and he embraces his role as caretaker of their legacy.<\/p>\n
Haglund is trained as an alcohol and drug addiction counselor, and he co-hosts an Iowa podcast<\/a> about the need to improve mental health care.<\/p>\n
He said it can be stressful to run any kind of family business. But farmers have a particularly strong emotional tie to their heritage, which keeps many in the profession.<\/p>\n
\u201cLet\u2019s be honest: Farming at all these days isn\u2019t necessarily a good financial decision,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
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Haglund stands outside a machine shed on his family\u2019s farm. He has seen how farmers\u2019 traditional self-sufficiency can make them hesitate to seek help for mental stress.(Tony Leys\/KFF Health News)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Farmers traditionally have valued self-sufficiency, he said. They try to solve their own problems, whether it\u2019s a busted tractor or a debilitating bout of anxiety.<\/p>\n
\u201cWith the older generation, it\u2019s still, \u2018Suck it up and get over it,\u2019\u201d Haglund said. Many younger people seem more willing to talk about mental health, he said. But in rural areas, many lack access to mental health care.<\/p>\n
Farmers\u2019 suicide risk is also heightened<\/a> by many of them owning guns, which provide an immediate means to act on deadly impulses, Haglund said.<\/p>\n
Guns are an accepted part of rural life, in which they are seen as a useful tool to control pests, he said. \u201cYou can\u2019t go into a rural community and say, \u2018We\u2019re going to take your guns away,\u2019\u201d he said. But a trusted therapist or friend might suggest that a depressed person temporarily hand over their guns to someone else who can safely store them.<\/p>\n
Haglund said health care professionals shouldn\u2019t be the only ones learning how to address mental stresses. He encourages the public to look into \u201c mental health first aid<\/a>,\u201d a national effort to spread knowledge about symptoms of struggle and how they can be countered.<\/p>\n
A 2023 review<\/a> of studies on farmer suicides in multiple countries, including the U.S., cited cultural and economic stresses.<\/p>\n
\u201cFarmers who died by suicide, particularly men, were described as hard-working, strong, private people who took great pride in being the stoic breadwinners of their families. They were often remembered as members of a unique and fading culture who were poorly understood by outsiders,\u201d wrote the authors, from the University of Alberta in Canada.<\/p>\n
Rebecca Purc-Stephenson, a psychology professor who helped write the paper, said health professionals face two challenges: persuading farmers to seek help for mental stress, then encouraging them to keep coming back for therapy.<\/p>\n
Back at the training in Iowa, instructors urged mental health professionals to have flexible schedules, and to be understanding when farmers postpone appointments at the last minute.<\/p>\n
Maybe one of their animals is sick and needs attention. Maybe a machine broke and needs to be fixed immediately. Maybe the weather is perfect for planting or harvesting.<\/p>\n
\u201cTime is money,\u201d said Brown, the therapist leading the training.<\/p>\n
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Josh Kruse plants corn near Boone, Iowa, on May 17. Kruse runs the 500-acre farm with brother-in-law Jason Haglund, who grew up there and is a mental health advocate.(Tony Leys\/KFF Health News)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The session\u2019s lessons included what to ask and not ask when meeting farmers. A big no-no is inquiring right away about how much land they are working. \u201cIf you ask them how many acres they\u2019re farming, that\u2019s like asking to see their bank account,\u201d warned Rich Gassman, director of Iowa\u2019s Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, who assisted with the lesson.<\/p>\n
It would be better to start by asking what they enjoy about farming, the instructors said.<\/p>\n
Many farmers also need to talk through emotional issues surrounding when, how, or even if the next generation will take over the family operation.<\/p>\n
Tim Christensen, a farm management specialist for Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, said some standard advice on how to deal with stress could backfire with farmers.<\/p>\n
For example, he said, a health care professional should never advise a farmer to relax by taking a couple of weeks off. Most of them can\u2019t get away from their responsibilities for that long, he said.<\/p>\n
\u201cThere\u2019s a common saying on the farm: No good vacation goes unpunished.\u201d<\/p>\n
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Warning Signs of Mental Struggle<\/strong><\/p>\n
The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention<\/a> lists these signs that a person might be considering suicide:<\/p>\n
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The person talks about killing themselves, feeling hopeless, having no reason to live, being a burden to others, feeling trapped, or having unbearable pain.<\/li>\n
The person increases their use of alcohol or drugs, sleeps too much or too little, displays fatigue or aggression, withdraws from activities and family and friends, visits or calls people to say goodbye, gives away possessions, or searches online for a way to end their life.<\/li>\n
People considering suicide often seem depressed, anxious, irritable, angry, ashamed, or uninterested in activities. In some cases, they may appear to feel sudden relief or improvement in their mood.<\/li>\n
People in crisis can reach the national 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by calling or texting \u201c988.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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